Vascular pattern detection systems

ABSTRACT

In the examples provided herein, a vascular pattern recognition system integrated onto a portable card includes a vascular pattern detection system to obtain image data of blood vessels of a finger to be swiped across a detection area on the portable card, wherein the vascular pattern detection system includes a near infrared light source and an image sensor array. The vascular pattern recognition system also includes an image processor to process the image data to generate a scanned vascular pattern and compare the scanned vascular pattern to a pre-stored pattern stored on the portable card to authenticate the image data, and a security processor to generate a transaction code to authorize a transaction upon authentication of the image data.

BACKGROUND

Payment card fraud costs financial institutions many billions of dollarsa year and impacts tens of millions of consumers a year. Currently,payment cards use either a personal identification number (PIN) or apassword for authentication purposes. However, PINs and passwords can behacked and are widely regarded as the weakest link in security for thesecards.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings illustrate various examples of the principlesdescribed below. The examples and drawings are illustrative rather thanlimiting.

FIG. 1A depicts an example portable card that includes a vascularpattern recognition system as described herein.

FIG. 1B-1E depict examples of vascular pattern recognition systems.

FIG. 2A depicts a top view of an example detection region on a portablecard used with a vascular pattern recognition system.

FIG. 2B depicts a side view of an example vascular pattern detectionsystem.

FIG. 3A depicts a top view of an example detection region on a portablecard used with a vascular pattern recognition system.

FIG. 3B depicts a side view of another example vascular patterndetection system.

FIG. 4A depicts a side view of an example vascular pattern detectionsystem.

FIG. 4B depicts an isometric view of an example vascular patterndetection system.

FIG. 5A depicts a side view of an example vascular pattern detectionsystem.

FIG. 5B depicts a top view of an example vascular pattern detectionsystem.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Vascular pattern recognition is a highly secure biometric authenticationmethod that uses the unique blood vessel patterns in a user's finger orpalm as a means of identification. An image of the user's blood vesselsmay be pre-registered and stored for comparison at a later time to areal-time image of the living blood vessels of the user to identify theuser. Because living blood vessels are used for user authentication, itwould be extremely difficult to deceive a vascular pattern recognitionsystem. While vascular pattern recognition systems have been used toauthenticate a user's identity, known systems are expensive and bulky.

Described below are vascular pattern recognition systems for portablesecure cards, such as credit cards and smart badges, having a thicknessof less than approximately two millimeters. The system uses flexiblehybrid electronics and photonics technology to integrate a compactfinger vascular pattern detection and authentication system on the card,resulting in a card that provides enhanced security protection comparedto personal identification number (PIN) or signature security systems.

FIG. 1A depicts an example portable card 100 that includes a vascularpattern recognition system 120. The portable card 100 may be a securecard used in conjunction with an authentication and authorizationsystem, such as may be used with a credit card or smart badge. Thevascular pattern recognition system 120 may communicate with a cardreader (not shown) contactlessly via a near field communication (NFC)antenna 130 or using a contact method via a smart chip 140.Communications from the vascular pattern recognition system 120 to thecard reader may include an authorization code upon confirmation of theidentity of the user of the portable card 100 based on the user's fingervascular pattern. In some implementations, the portable card 100 isthin, having a thickness of approximately two millimeters or less.Further, the vascular pattern recognition system 120 integrated on theportable card 100 also has a thickness of approximately two millimetersor less. In some implementations, the vascular pattern recognitionsystem may have an area on the portable card 100 that is approximately25×30 mm² or smaller.

As shown in the example of FIG. 1B, a vascular pattern recognitionsystem 120 may include a vascular pattern detection system 125, an imageprocessor 162 and a security processor 164. The vascular patterndetection system 125 can obtain image data of blood vessels of a fingerto be swiped across a detection area on the portable card. The vascularpattern detection system 125 may include a near infrared (NIR) lightsource 152 and an image sensor array 154. The light source 152 shouldemit in the NIR, within a wavelength range of approximately 800 nm to1000 nm. At these wavelengths, the light is transmitted through humantissue, ie, the skin, but is absorbed and scattered by the blood in theblood vessels. In some implementations, the light source 152 may belight-emitting diodes (LEDs), such as GaAs and organic LEDs, which canemit light in the NIR wavelength range. In some implementations, theimage sensor array 154 may be a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS) image sensor array, and in other implementations, the imagesensor array 154 may be a printed thin-film transistor-based photodiodeimage sensor array.

The image processor 162 processes the image data obtained by thevascular pattern detection system 125 to generate a scanned vascularpattern. For example, in some implementations, the image sensor array154 may have a length smaller than a length of a person's fingertipwhere the vascular pattern is located because a smaller image sensorarray 154 is more cost effective. Thus, the width of the image sensorarray 154 may be approximately an adult finger width across,approximately 2-3 cm, while the length of the image sensor array 154 maybe shorter than the width. In this situation, as a person swipes afinger across the detection area on the portable card, the obtainedimage data may include a series of images of the finger's vascularpattern, and the image processor 162 may use an image stitchingalgorithm on the series of images to stitch together the scanned imagesto generate a scanned vascular pattern. A similar stitching algorithm isused for scanning finger fingerprints. Further, the image processor 162compares the scanned vascular pattern, which may be a stitched vascularpattern, to a pre-stored pattern stored in a memory location on theportable card to authenticate the image data. Scanned vascular patterndata may include relative locations of blood vessel branching points,blood vessel thickness, and blood vessel branching angles. Thepre-stored pattern may be a pre-registered image data of a vascularpattern of an authorized user.

The security processor 164 generates a transaction or authenticationcode to authorize a transaction upon authentication of the image data,where the transaction code is transmitted through a contact method witha card reader or contactlessly via NFC.

The vascular pattern detection system 125, the image processor 162, andthe security processor 164 may be implemented using a one-chip or atwo-chip system. A one-chip system may be beneficial because theelements on the chip may be integrated together into a smaller area,providing a reduction in a lower cost design. A two-chip system may havea different benefit, where the financial institution that issues thecard, such as a credit card issuer, may generate its own security chipwith a security processor, and the non-secure portion, such as thevascular pattern detection system 125, may be manufactured by adifferent manufacturer. FIG. 1C-1E depict examples of vascular patternrecognition systems 120.

FIG. 1C depicts an example of a two-chip system where the vascularpattern detection system 125 and the image processor 162 are part of afirst chip 171 on the portable card, and the security processor 164 ispart of a second chip 172 on the portable card. The pre-stored pattern166 may be stored on the first chip 171. The first chip 171 and thesecond chip 172 are distinct and communicatively coupled. The imageprocessor 162 processes the image data obtained by the vascular patterndetection system 125, and the image processor 162 sends an indication ofauthentication of the image data to the security processor 164. Thus, ifthe user's vascular pattern matches the pre-stored pattern, the securityprocessor 164 may generate a transaction code.

FIG. 1D depicts an example of a two-chip system where the vascularpattern detection system 125 is part of a first chip 173 on the portablecard, and the security processor 164 and the image processor 162 arepart of a second chip 174 on the portable card. The pre-stored pattern166 may be stored on the second chip 174. The first chip 173 and thesecond chip 174 are distinct and communicatively coupled. The image dataobtained by the vascular pattern detection system 125 is transmitted tothe image processor 162 for processing, and the image processor 162sends an indication of authentication of the image data to the securityprocessor 164.

FIG. 1E depicts an example of a one-chip system where the vascularpattern detection system 125, the image processor 162, and the securityprocessor 164 are part of a single chip 175 on the portable card, andthe pre-stored pattern 166 is stored on the single chip 175. The imageprocessor 162 processes the image data obtained by the vascular patterndetection system 125, and the image processor 162 sends an indication ofauthentication of the image data to the security processor 164.

FIGS. 2A and 3A each show a top view of examples of detection regions220, 320 on a portable card to be used with a vascular pattern detectionsystem. In some implementations, the detection region 220, 320 may be arecessed region. A user's finger 210 is to be swiped across a length ofthe detection region 220, 320 such that a vascular pattern of thefinger's blood vessels 212 may be detected and authenticated by thevascular pattern recognition system. In the example of FIG. 2A, thedetection region 220 is round, having a diameter approximately afinger's width across. The recessed region may have a first sloping edge221 along the width on a first side and a second sloping edge 223 alongthe width on a second side opposite the first side. In the example ofFIG. 3A, the detection region 320 is square, where the length of eachside is approximately a finger's width across. However, the detectionregion 220, 320 may be any shape and size, such as a rectangle having awidth approximately a finger's width across and a length shorter thanthe width.

FIGS. 2B and 3B each show a side view of a vascular pattern detectionsystem based on lateral placement of a NIR light source and an imagesensor array. FIG. 2B depicts a side view of an example vascular patterndetection system that includes a first NIR LED array 222 positionedalong the first sloping edge 221 and an image sensor array 224 toreceive light emitted by the first NIR LED array (representative solidline ray 222 a) and scattered (representative dotted line rays 222 b)from blood vessels of a finger to be swiped along the length of therecessed region 220. In some implementations, the image sensor array 224is positioned on the second sloping edge 223 of the recessed region, asshown in the example of FIG. 2B.

In some implementations, the image sensor array 224 may be positioned,as shown in the example of FIG. 3B, where an example vascular patterndetection system includes a recessed region 320. A first NIR LED array330 is positioned along the first sloping edge 331 of the recessedregion 320, and an image sensor array 224 is positioned at a bottom 333of the recessed region 320 to receive light emitted by the first NIR LEDarray (representative ray 330 a) and scattered (representative rays 330b) from blood vessels of a finger to be swiped along the length of therecessed region 320. Further, a second NIR LED array 334 may bepositioned along a second sloping edge 332 of the recessed region 320,where the image sensor array 224 further receives light emitted by thesecond NIR LED 334 array and scattered from the blood vessels of thefinger 210. As shown in the example of FIG. 3A, the recessed region 320may have other NIR LED arrays around the perimeter to illuminate thefinger 320 to be swiped across the recess region 320.

Additionally, for either configuration in the examples of FIGS. 2B and3B, a NIR filter and spacer 226 may be positioned over the image sensorarray 224, and a microlens array 228 may be positioned over the NIRfilter and spacer 226. The NIR filter and spacer 226 blocks wavelengthsof light that are not within the range of wavelengths emitted by the NIRLED arrays 222, 330, 334 because the image sensor array 224 is sensitiveto other wavelengths of light, such as ambient light, that may interferewith the desired image data of the vascular pattern to be detected.Additionally, the NIR filter and spacer 226 provides a pre-definedfocusing distance between the microlenses in the microlens array 228 andthe pixels of the image sensor array 224, as shown by the representativerays 351, 352 in the example of FIG. 3B.

FIGS. 4A and 5A each depict a side view of an example vascular patterndetection system based on vertical placement of a NIR light source andan image sensor array. FIG. 4A depicts a side view of an examplevascular pattern detection system that includes a scanning area having awidth approximately a finger's width across and a length 401 that may beshorter than the width. The vascular pattern detection system alsoincludes an image sensor array 224 within the scanning area. Asdescribed above, a NIR filter and spacer 226 is positioned over theimage sensor array 224, and a microlens array 228 is positioned over theNIR filter and spacer 226. There is also a NIR light source to emitlight above the microlens array 228 toward a finger 210 to be swipedalong the length of the scanning area, where the image sensor array 224receives light emitted by the NIR light source and scattered from bloodvessels 212 of the finger 210.

In some implementations, as shown in the example of FIG. 4A, the NIRlight source includes an edge emitting LED 410 and a light guide 420positioned over a portion of the microlens array 228, where lightemitted by the edge emitting LED 410 (representative rays 412) couplesinto the light guide 420 and travels along the light guide 420 via totalinternal reflection. There may be more than one edge emitting LED 410that emits light that couples into the light guide 420. Further, theremay be multiple light guides 420, such as shown in the example of FIG.4B, an isometric view of the example vascular pattern detection system.

Returning to FIG. 4A, light scatterers 440 are positioned outside thelight guide 420 on a first surface closest to the microlens array 228 toscatter light (representative ray 413) in the light guide 420 toward thefinger 210, where the light scatterers 440 are positioned around a firstpinhole array 461 on a surface of the light guide 420 closer to theimage sensor array 224 than the finger 210. A second pinhole array 462may be positioned on an opposite surface of the light guide 420, closerto where the finger 210 may be swiped across the scanning area. Thesecond pinhole array 462 is aligned with the first pinhole array 461,such that the aligned pinhole arrays 461, 462 direct light scatteredfrom the blood vessels 212 (representative dotted line rays 416) topixels of the image sensor array 224 (representative rays 418). Theremay be multiple pinhole arrays to allow light to be channeled to theimage sensor array 224, as shown in the isometric view of FIG. 4B.Further, pinhole arrays 462, 461 may be interleaved with light guides420 to allow light from the various light guides 420 to be directed tothe pixels of the image sensor array 224. Additionally, because thepinhole arrays 461, 462 are spaced a distance apart, angle sensitivedata may be derived from the light received by the image sensor array224 and used to generate a three-dimensional image of the blood vesselsof the finger, not merely a two-dimensional image.

In some implementations, a diffuser layer 430 is positioned between theemitted light 412 from the NIR light source and the finger 210 to bescanned. The diffuser layer 430 collimates light from the lightscatterers 440 (representative rays 414), and the diffuser layer 430 ispositioned around the second pinhole array 462.

In some implementations, a reflection film 450 may be adhered to asurface of the light scatterers 440 away from the light guide 420. Thereflection film 450 is a polarized reflecting plane that transmits lightfrom the vertical direction while reflecting light from otherdirections. As a result, light is scattered in all directions from thelight scatterers 440 toward the finger, while light traveling verticallydownward 224 from the blood vessel 212 is permitted to pass through tothe image sensor array 224.

FIG. 5A depicts a side view of an example vascular pattern detectionsystem. Similar to FIG. 4A, the vascular pattern detection systemincludes a scanning area having a width approximately a finger's widthacross and a length 501 that may be shorter than the width. As with theother example vascular detect systems, the vascular pattern detectionsystem also includes an image sensor array 224 within the scanning area,a NIR filter and spacer 226 positioned over the image sensor array 224,and a microlens array 228 positioned over the NIR filter and spacer 226.The NIR light source that emits light above the microlens array 228toward a finger 210 to be swiped along the length of the scanning areamay be an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) array 510 positioned abovethe microlens array 228. The OLED array 510 emits light (representativesolid line rays 512) directly upward toward the finger 210 to be swipedacross the scanning area, and the light is scattered (representativedotted line rays) from blood vessels 212 of the finger 210 to the imagesensor array 224.

FIG. 5B depicts a top view of the example vascular pattern detectionsystem. The OLED array 510 emits light at the intersection of theparallel anodes in a first direction and the parallel cathodes in theperpendicular direction. The architecture of the OLED array 510conveniently provides locations for the pixels of the image sensor array224 to receive light scattered from the blood vessels 212.

As used in the specification and claims herein, the singular forms “a,”“an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A vascular pattern recognition system integratedonto a portable card, the system comprising: a vascular patterndetection system to obtain image data of blood vessels of a finger to beswiped across a detection area on the portable card, wherein thevascular pattern detection system includes a near infrared light sourceand an image sensor array; an image processor to process the image datato generate a scanned vascular pattern and compare the scanned vascularpattern to a pre-stored pattern stored on the portable card toauthenticate the image data; and a security processor to generate atransaction code to authorize a transaction upon authentication of theimage data, wherein the transaction code is transmitted through contactwith a card reader or contactlessly via near field communication,wherein a thickness of the vascular detection system is less thanapproximately two millimeters.
 2. The vascular pattern recognitionsystem of claim 1, wherein the vascular pattern detection system and theimage processor are part of a first chip on the portable card, and thesecurity processor is part of a second chip on the portable card,wherein the pre-stored pattern is stored on the first chip, wherein thefirst chip and the second chip are distinct and communicatively coupled,and wherein the image processor sends an indication of authentication ofthe image data to the security processor; or wherein the vascularpattern detection system is part of a first chip on the portable card,and the security processor and the image processor are part of a secondchip on the portable card, wherein the pre-stored pattern is stored onthe second chip, wherein the first chip and the second chip are distinctand communicatively coupled, and wherein the image data is transmittedto the image processor, and wherein the image processor sends anindication of authentication of the image data to the securityprocessor; or wherein the vascular pattern detection system, the imageprocessor, and the security processor are part of a single chip on theportable card, and the pre-stored pattern is stored on the single chip,wherein the image processor sends an indication of authentication of theimage data to the security processor.
 3. The vascular patternrecognition system of claim 1, wherein the vascular pattern detectionsystem has an area approximately 25×30 mm² or smaller.
 4. The vascularpattern recognition system of claim 1, wherein the vascular patterndetection system comprises: a recessed region on the portable card,wherein the recessed region has a first sloping edge along a length on afirst side and a second sloping edge along the length on a second sideopposite the first side, wherein the recessed region is part of thedetection area; a first near infrared (NIR) light-emitting diode (LED)array positioned on the first sloping edge; and an image sensor array toreceive light emitted by the first NIR LED array and scattered fromblood vessels of the finger.
 5. The vascular pattern recognition systemof claim 1, further comprising: an image sensor array within thedetection area; a near infrared (NIR) filter and spacer positioned abovethe image sensor array; a microlens array positioned above the NIRfilter and spacer; and a NIR light source to emit light above themicrolens array toward the finger, wherein the image sensor arrayreceives light emitted by the NIR light source and scattered from theblood vessels of the finger.
 6. The vascular pattern recognition systemof claim 1, wherein the image data comprises a series of images, andfurther wherein processing the image data to generate a scanned vascularpattern comprises using an image stitching algorithm on the series ofimages to generate the scanned vascular pattern.
 7. The vascular patternrecognition system of claim 1, wherein the image sensor array is acomplementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensor array or a printedthin-film transistor-based photodiode image sensor array.
 8. Thevascular pattern recognition system of claim 1, wherein the detectionarea has a width approximately a finger's width across and a lengthshorter than the width.
 9. A vascular pattern detection system on aportable card comprising: a recessed region having a width approximatelya finger's width across and a length shorter than the width, wherein therecessed region has a first sloping edge along the width on a first sideand a second sloping edge along the width on a second side opposite thefirst side; a first near infrared (NIR) light-emitting diode (LED) arraypositioned along the first sloping edge; and an image sensor array toreceive light emitted by the first NIR LED array and scattered fromblood vessels of a finger to be swiped along the width of the recessedregion.
 10. The vascular pattern detection system of claim 9, whereinthe image sensor array is positioned at a bottom of the recessed region,and the vascular pattern detection system further comprises: a secondNIR LED array positioned along a second sloping edge of the recessedregion, wherein the image sensor array further receives light emitted bythe second NIR LED array and scattered from the blood vessels of thefinger; a NIR filter and spacer positioned over the image sensor array;and a microlens array positioned over the NIR filter and spacer.
 11. Thevascular pattern detection system of claim 9, wherein the image sensorarray is positioned on the second sloping edge of the recessed region,the vascular pattern detection system further comprises: a NIR filterand spacer positioned over the image sensor array; and a microlens arraypositioned over the NIR filter and spacer.
 12. A vascular patterndetection system on a portable card comprising: a scanning area having awidth approximately a finger's width across and a length shorter thanthe width; an image sensor array within the scanning area; a nearinfrared (NIR) filter and spacer positioned over the image sensor array;a microlens array positioned over the NIR filter and spacer; and a NIRlight source to emit light above the microlens array toward a finger tobe swiped along the length of the scanning area, wherein the imagesensor array receives light emitted by the NIR light source andscattered from blood vessels of the finger.
 13. The vascular patterndetection system of claim 12, wherein the NIR light source comprises: anedge emitting light-emitting diode (LED); a light guide positioned overa portion of the microlens array, wherein light emitted by the edgeemitting LED couples into the light guide and travels along the lightguide via total internal reflection; light scatterers positioned outsidethe light guide on a first surface closest to the microlens array toscatter light from the light guide toward the finger, wherein the lightscatterers are positioned around a first pinhole array; a second pinholearray positioned over the light guide and aligned with the first pinholearray to direct light scattered from the blood vessels to pixels of theimage sensor array, wherein a two-dimensional or three-dimensional imageof the blood vessels may be generated based on the received light. 14.The vascular pattern detection system of claim 13, further comprising: adiffuser layer positioned between the emitted light from the NIR lightsource and the finger to be scanned, the diffuser layer to collimatelight from the light scatterers, wherein the diffuser layer ispositioned around the second pinhole array.
 15. The vascular patterndetection system of claim 12, wherein the NIR light source comprises: anorganic light-emitting diode (OLED) array positioned above the microlensarray.